History of the institute

The Institute of Criminology at the Faculty of Law was established in 1954 as the first criminological institute in the former Yugoslavia. It was founded by the Faculty of Law, University of Ljubljana and although it soon became independent, it has always maintained very strong links with the founding faculty. From the very beginning, the institute's main activities have been: research, teaching and dissemination of information, and organisation of library and documentation service. The institute employs professionals of different profiles: lawyers, psychologists, sociologists, specialist pedagogues, economists, philosophers and other social science professionals.
The Institute of Criminology was led by: dr. Avgust Munda (1954), dr. Hinko Lučovnik (1955-1960), dr. Katja Vodopivec (1960-1972), dr. Janez Pečar (1972-1993), dr. Alenka Šelih (1993-2004), dr. Matjaž Jager (2005-2019) and dr. Aleš Završnik (od 2019). The Institute's specialised library has always provided support for Institute's research and is currently one of Europe's best in the field of criminology.

The institute, which was established to investigate the problems of crime and deviance on the one hand, and the reaction of society to these phenomena on the other hand, has since the beginning dealt with very different types of criminological research, from purely theoretical and basic, empirical, historical, longitudinal and follow-up research to the comparative and cross-cultural studies. The majority of studies have been, however, empirical and tried to explore the current trends of crime and other deviant phenomena, to investigate the operation of criminal and juvenile justice agencies, to analyse the existing social problems and apply its research results to the social practice by proposing adequate solutions to the policymakers. In these efforts, the institute was sometimes more, sometimes less successful, depending on the general social climate as well as on the attitudes and orientations of decisionmakers in criminal justice and other agencies dealing with crime and deviance.

Research policy of the institute has been based on the assessment of the relevant social problems on the one hand, and on the current criminological trends in the world, on the other. In tracing the main directions and guidelines of research work, the institute has to take into consideration also the needs of agencies and organs dealing with crime and deviance. In this connection, it is necessary to mention the role of the Steering Committee of the Institute of Criminology, composed of the members of the institute, its founder University of Ljubljana and representatives of criminal justice agencies (Ministry of Justice and Ministry of the Interior). In planning its research activities, the institute has to take proposals and suggestions of the Steering Committee into consideration, discuss them and formulate its research policy also in accordance with the needs uttered by the representatives of these agencies.

Research carried out by the Institute covers the most different areas of crime and criminal justice, and this brief presentation provides only a summary overview of fields of research and objects of studies within them:

problems of recidivism; sentencing dispositions imposed on mentally abnormal offenders; recidivism in penal and administrative law; sentencing practice of the Slovenian courts; criminal law protection of property in different legal systems; criminal liability of doctors and other medical staff in contemporary criminal law systems; the position of mentally abnormal offenders in contemporary criminal law; application of criminological diagnoses in Yugoslavia; economic offences in a positive criminal law and the need of reform; the role of public prosecutor and defence lawyer in criminal proceedings involving juveniles; analysis of penalties provided for by the criminal code and those imposed on offenders by courts; protection of the right to privacy in penal law; criminal law aspects of political crimes; participation of citizens in criminal justice; legal remedies in criminal proceedings; system analysis of pre-trial and criminal proceedings; repression and public opinion; legal and criminological aspects of sentencing; international criminal law; legal aspects of drug-related crimes; police, public prosecutors and the success within criminal investigations; basic principles of criminal procedure law in the digital age; psychological mechanisms in criminal justice; automated justice in criminal justice systems

problems of crime prevention; relationship between criminological research and criminal policy; criminal policy within the road traffic; criminal policy problems in Slovenia and proposed solutions

the incidence of assault and battery in one of the Slovenian regions; comparison of property offences in Yugoslavia, Austria and Poland; homicides in Slovenia; shoplifting in self-service stores; prediction of deviant phenomena up to the year 2000; recidivism in Slovenia; bankruptcies and other economic crime connected with the processes of transition; economic crime connected with the privatisation of socially-owned property; hate speech on online social networks in Slovenia; sexual offences and the (Slovenian) concept of force in defining rape; crime rates in the COVID-19 pandemic

izbor obsojenk za prestajanje zaporne kazni v odprtem zaporskem režimu; klasifikacija zapornikov v Sloveniji; organizacija prehodnih domov za obsojence po prestani zaporni kazni; ocena probacije v Sloveniji; organiziranje podpornih storitev za nekdanje obsojence; primerjava izvrševanja zaporne kazni v Franciji in Jugoslaviji; izvrševanje zaporne kazni v odprtih režimih zavodov za prestajanje kazni v Sloveniji; izvrševanje kratkotrajnih kazni zapora v Sloveniji; delo v zaporu; pravice v zaporu in njihovo varstvo v Sloveniji; penološki vidiki povratništva; storitve socialnih služb za odrasle obsojence; zmogljivost popravnih institucij; življenjski in delovni pogoji pridržanih oseb in oseb, ki prestajajo zaporne kazni v Sloveniji; socialna klima v zavodih za prestajanje kazni zapora 

mechanisms of formal social control; school as a mechanism of social control; informal social control and its operation; ideology and control; mechanisms and the operation of institutionalised non-state control; ideological control and political violence; regulating privacy, transparency, secrecy and other competing values in the 21st century; similarities and differences between de iure incriminated (legally forbidden) or de facto criminalized behaviour patterns and other, apparently normal, “natural” or “socially acceptable” activities; human rights and regulation of trustworthy artificial intelligence; crime control in the digital age

living conditions of juvenile delinquents; crime prevention and elementary schoolchildren; placement of juveniles in a foster family or an institution; ways of dealing with juvenile delinquency in Poland and in Yugoslavia; juvenile delinquents from two different cultures; treatment of young adult offenders in Slovenia; problems of juvenile gangs; rehabilitation of juveniles in Ljubljana, Slovenia; juvenile delinquents’ evaluation of criminal proceedings and implementation of juvenile measures; an experiment of  rehabilitation of maladjusted and delinquent youth ; disposal of juvenile delinquency cases and implementation of juvenile measures in Ljubljana;  absconding from juvenile institutions; the role of social work in juvenile justice; action research with juvenile delinquent gangs; prevention of juvenile delinquency in local communities; a system of society’s reaction to youth deviance; a new concept of residential treatment of disturbed children and juveniles; disciplinary punishment and prevention of violence in schools

attitudes of students and teachers towards children’s rights in school and at home; psychological rights of children; legal aspects of children’s rights; protection of children’s rights in schools

social, psychological and health characteristics of delinquent and non-delinquent alcoholics; sociopathological phenomena in the society and their prevention; the incidence of suicides in Slovenia; social disorganisation and its influence on sociopathological phenomena; perception of deviance in Ljubljana; concentration of deviant phenomena in Ljubljana; historical view of crime and deviance 100 years ago

restitution to victims of crime; exploration of hidden crime in Slovenia; a role of the involved bystanders in the criminogenesis; legal, medical and social welfare aspects of child maltreatment; the Dachau trials and the victims of these staged trials; UN victimisation survey - situation in Slovenia; institutional treatment of maltreated, abused and neglected children; victims of domestic violence, especially violence against women and children

fact-finding process in criminal investigation and truth-finding process in criminalistics; criminalistic and criminal law aspects of shoplifting in self-service stores; criminalistic and legal aspects of interviews with suspects